Finance International Expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Finance International Expansion - Essay Example Major differences exist in the economic, political, socio-cultural, technology, competitive and financial environments of different countries. These need to be taken into account in planning the overseas expansion. Expansion decision has to be made after proper consideration of all strategic and operational issues arising from within international milleu. Decisions need to be made concerning a wider range of both Strategic and Operational Issues. Key Strategic Issues that need to be addressed include assessing our company's readiness to internationalise which includes the suitability of your product or service for overseas markets and the extent of local adaptation required; choosing the most attractive foreign market(s) and the best entry strategy to adopt; international pricing, distribution and promotion strategies; organising and controlling our overseas activities. Operational issues include export paperwork and documentation; legal and financial issues; finding and managing overseas partners and so on and are ultimately transferrable into financial and legal consultancy fees and travel expenses. Whether the company intend operating through agents/distributors or establish its own overseas sales subsidiary, the burden of control-related activities and costs is heavier than at home making it much more difficult to monitor and control overseas activities. There are significant financial risks associated with doing business abroad, including the risk of higher indebtness, risk of not getting paid at all and currency fluctuations-related risks. Further, when going international we will need to be sensitive and empathetic to the local political and cultural environments of different countries. That entails higher management and consultancy costs and will unltimately produce to elevation of cross-cultural and political analysis to the level of decision making tool. The competitive environment may be quite different from what we are used to at home. In whole, as a consequence of the above, international marketing is more costly and time consuming than domestic marketing and you will need to take a long-term view to achieve sustained profitability. The Barriers US Computer Systems companies, especially medium sized enterprises, face a number of barriers or obstacles when going international. These may include: Psychological Barriers including lack of international/global orientation; short-termism; product or technology rather than customer led 'mindset'; lack of commitment to international markets; exporting seen as 'too risky', 'not for us' or 'too much trouble'; the 'fear factor'. Organisational Barriers including limited resources (financial and managerial); lack of knowledge of foreign markets; lack of international experience; lack of formal training in international marketing; problems in finding suitable overseas partners; ability to compete away from home. Operational Barriers relating to export documentation and paperwork; language problems; payment delays and risks etc. Product/Market Barriers in the sense of overseas market demand particularities, i.e. that product or service may not be suitable for overseas markets without major and costly adaptation; the product or service may not have a unique competitive advantage abroad; further, problems in

Silk route Essay Example for Free

Silk route Essay In recent years, both the maritime and overland Silk Routes are again being used, often closely following the ancient routes. The Silk Routes (collectively known as the Silk Road) were important paths for cultural, commercial and technological exchange between traders, merchants, pilgrims, missionaries, soldiers, nomads and urban dwellers from Ancient China, Ancient India, Ancient Tibet, Persia and Mediterranean countries for almost 3,000 ears. Extending 4,000 miles, the routes enabled people to transport goods, especially luxuries such as slaves, silk, satin and other fine fabrics, musk, other perfumes, spices, medicines, Jewels, glassware and even rhubarb, as well as serving as a conduit for the spread of knowledge, ideas, cultures and diseases between different parts of the world (Ancient China, Ancient India, Asia Minor and the Mediterranean). Trade on the Silk Road was a significant factor In the development of the great clvlllzatlons of China, India, Egypt, Persia, Arabia and Rome, and In several respects elped lay the foundations for the modern world. Although the term the Silk Road implies a continuous Journey, very few who traveled the route traversed it from end to end. For the most part, goods were transported by a series of agents on varying routes and were traded in the bustling mercantile markets of the oasis towns For More Into, Please see tnese llnKs 1 . http://library. thinkquest. org/13406/sr/ 2. http://www. spongobongo. com/zy9985. htm 3. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Silk_Road Silk Road The Silk Road is a historically important international trade route between China and he Mediterranean. Because silk comprised a large proportion of trade along this road, in 1877, it was named the Silk Road by Ferdinand von Richthofen, an eminent German geographer. Xian Terracotta Warriors Culture: The road is not only an ancient international trade route, but also a splendid cultural bridge liking the cultures of China, India, Persia, Arabia, Greek and Rome. The Four Great Inventions of China and religions of the West were introduced into their counterparts. History: From the time Zhang Qian opened up the world-famous Silk Road during he Han Dynasty, until the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty, it enjoyed a history of about 1 ,600 years. Route: This ancient road begins at Changan (now Xian), then by way of the Hexi Corridor, and it reaches Dunhuang, where it divides into three, the Southern Route, Central Route and Northern Route. The three routes spread all over the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and then they extend as far as Pakistan, India and even Rome. Other roads: In fact, besides the Silk Road in the northwest of China, there are another two trade roads in the southwest of China and by sea, which also ontributed greatly to the development of the world. They are called the Southern Silk Road and the Silk Road on the Sea. Crescent Lake, Dunhuang, Gansu Scenery along the Road: The scenery and sights along the Silk Road are spectacular and intriguing. There are well-known Mogao Caves (Mogao Grottoes) in Dunhuang, the bustling Sunday Bazaar in Kashgar and exotic customs in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and more Silk Road Adventure: There are all kinds of tour plans for traveling the world-famous road. TravelChinaGuide provides many tour lines for visitors to experience the adventures of this ancient trade road. Recommenaea lours: Classical Silkroad Tour: 14 Days Beijing Urumqi Kashgar Urumqi Turpan Dunhuang Xian Shanghai In-depth Adventure: 22 Days Beijing Urumqi Korla Kuqa Aksu Kashgar Hettan Minfeng Korla Turpan Dunhuang Xian Shanghai More Silk Road Tours Tips: It is necessary for tourists be aware of some travel essentials when they are on the road, such as weather, food, drink, accommodation, transportation and customs of minorities. Here provides detailed information about them. Pictures: The pictures show the stunning scenery of this time-honored trade route.

Austens Manipulation of the Readers Emotions Towards Characters in Pr

Austen's Manipulation of the Reader's Emotions Towards Characters in Pride and Prejudice In her novels, Jane Austen employs the timelessly effective characterization agents of dialogue, action, and point of view to cleverly manipulate the reader’s emotions towards the characters. Austen successfully creates heroins in a time that it was not social acceptable to think of women in a heroic role. She is so successful in applying these characterization techniques in her story lines that she molds a positive feeling towards strong females without the reader even realizing the influence the author’s agents have had, at the same time creating a very entertaining story. In Pride and Prejudice as well as Mansfield Park for example, Jane Austen creates characters who are some of the finest products of strong and intelligent women, yet do not loose their femininity, of our civilization. She accomplishes this feat by using the dialogue and action of the characters to manipulate the reader’s feelings towards these women. Austen also uses irony, satire and humor in all of her novels to show how ridiculous conventional Victorian country life was. She had a plethera of social commentary to make, and although women in her time period were conventionally outspoken, she used her novels as a means to show women could be intelligent, humorous, and strong without loosing their femininity. Jane Austen was a child of the Enlightenment, an age when reason was valued while many romantic traditions were slowly coming to light in society. As one of the educated and intelligent women emerging from this era, Austen used the character of Elizabeth Bennet, in Pride and Prejudice, to epitomize the harmonious balance between reason and... ...he more valuable when contrasted with that of Kitty and Lydia, where Lydia simply encourages Kitty in foolishness and is insensitive to her when she is upset. Her high spirits,which can be construed as flirtatious, also attract Darcy to her, as illustrated by her demand that he help to sustain a conversation between them when they dance together at the Netherfield ball. Her character is in no way unfeminine, and it is no wonder that Darcy is attracted to her after he comes to know and understand her. From this, we can see that Austen has managed to create her ideal woman in Elizabeth. Her strength and intelligence are qualities that make her respectable and admirable to any man or woman, but the fact that she possesses a softer, feminine side makes her genuinely attractive in the eyes of the reader, and helps us to better appreciate her other qualities.

Dekada 70 Starting Summary

In the 70's, the Republic of the Philippines was suffering under the midst of then- President Ferdinand Marcos' reign as ruler. It was in September 21st, 1972, that he chained close whatever inkling of democracy the Filipinos had by declaring Martial Law. Unfortunately, it was a rule of a a twisted sort: the nation would be under the rule of the Armed Forces, but contrary to its definition, Marcos' Martial Law kept himself in power. Dekada '70 (Translated into English, the 70's decade) is a bittersweet tale of love in the face of hate, hope in the face oppression, and new life in the midst of death. It is a novel of a mother, her examination of her oft-unappreciated role in modern society, and how she struggles to find for herself a sense of purpose and identity while suffering through the very pit of the nation's disintegration. It is a novel of a mother and her family, how society around her affects her family. It is a tale of she becomes torn between the letter of the law or her responsibility as a mother. Dekada '70 tells of how under hate, greed and corruption, one normal person transcends beyond right and wrong: instead learns that it is freedom that entails survival. Set in the 70's, urban Metro Manila, Amanda Bartolome is a middle-class mother of five young men. Amanda acts as a supposed symbolism of detachment. First of all, she was a mother, a housewife; such were not considered integral parts of society during those times. She was not the breadwinner; she did not experience the foremost effects of the decline of the Philippines economy back then. She was a member of the middle class; her family did not take money, like the rich, nor did her family suffer the worst of the financial crises, like the poor. The lives of Amanda's children each went in different directions in the story, and each varied. Her eldest son was Jules. Jules grew up normally, similar to every other ideal family. His upbringing was that of what ideally conformed to normal.

English 30

In Hamlet, William Shakespeare suggests that individuals may struggle to restore honour and certainty because of procrastination and deception. Honour and certainty are both qualities an individual may desire having. To be honoured by one’s name, or to be certain that through life they’ve made the right decisions. Honour is a clear sense of what is right and proper while maintaining great respect; certainty is freedom from doubt. In a sense these two traits are connected; with honour comes certainty, and with certainty comes honour. People want to be certain that what they are doing is right and will be satisfying in the end.With certainty in actions comes pride and honour with the results. Although before the pride and honour come into play, the right decision must be made and making this decision is a struggle for most individuals. Deceiving and conniving may seem simpler than being honest and working hard. There may seem like many quick and easy ways to do things at the last minute but they aren’t honorable. In Hamlet, William Shakespeare suggests that individuals struggle to restore honour and certainty because of procrastination and deception. Throughout the play Hamlet, William Shakespeare presents many soliloquies.The character Hamlet for example has a few soliloquies in which he contemplates whether to take vengeance on his uncle or not. Shakespeare is constantly calling attention to Hamlet’s worries and delays. He repeatedly raises the issue of delay in decision making. Even though as the reader, an individual may think it is something he/she imposes on the play, but the play raises the issue itself. In Hamlet’s first soliloquy, Shakespeare shows the first true insight into Hamlet’s contemplative nature and his suppression of the passionate feelings towards Gertrude and Claudius.Hamlet agonizes over his hopelessness in carrying out the deed to avenge his father and is always searching for reasons why he is acti ng the way he is. No matter how much he justifies the matter, he is in the grip of something that he cannot fully understand. This is relatable to most individuals as a person may struggle in being decisive because they do not fully understand their circumstances. Shakespeare suggests through Hamlet’s soliloquies that procrastination and indecisive thinking result in a struggle for restoring an individual’s honour and certainty.Shakespeare included a large group of deceitful characters in his play Hamlet. Shakespeare shows  Hamlet and Claudius being the most deceiving of all. Throughout the play Shakespeare has Hamlet in several different positions where he is deceiving the people around him. Hamlet is portrayed as completely mad and estranged to hide that he was really plotting against Claudius. As well Shakespeare brings in Hamlet’s play â€Å"The Mouse Trap† not for entertainment purposes but to victimize Claudius and reveal his guilt.The whole idea behind the acts of deception was for the character to gain what he/she desired most. Shakespeare made it clear that fooling the people around oneself is a good way to get what he/she wants but can result unfavourably. Hamlet fooled his mother, father, and even his friends to get the truth behind his father’s death and seek the appropriate revenge but in the end he hurt more people than he planned to. Shakespeare shows that because of deception and untruthfulness an individual may take matters further than necessary in order to restore certainty and honour.Another character Shakespeare included who was very good at hiding her reality was Gertrude, Hamlet’s mother. Not only was she deceiving Hamlet but she was fooling herself. Shakespeare made Gertrude appear as unconcerned and uncommitted to the deceased King Hamlet. She hardly grieved his death, she marries Claudius promptly, and she even has a sexual and somewhat incestuous relationship with Claudius. The lack of conc ern Shakespeare has Gertrude impose was perhaps used as a way to reveal how some individuals hide from reality.Shakespeare has Hamlet understand Gertrude’s attitude possibly to show how people might deceive themselves to run away from their guilt and dirty consciences. Gertrude is completely oblivious to the fact that what she has done is wrong and this goes to show how individuals shy away from the truth to remain with feelings of comfort and security. Shakespeare suggests that while an individual may feel comfortable with what their circumstances appear to be, there is no real honour and certainty that comes with hiding the reality.Shakespeare introduces a few psychological obstacles that relate to Hamlet’s indecisive tendencies. Shakespeare has Hamlet become a prisoner of his own mind, a man stuck in an unreal world, an irrational thinker, in a rational society. By becoming trapped in the thoughts dwelling in his mind, Hamlet prevents himself from taking action. Sha kespeare has Hamlet experience bombastic thoughts and feelings to show how hard it is to commit an act an individual is unsure of. Hamlet is shown as very intellectual and this inhibits him from acting promptly in regaining his honour.Shakespeare has Hamlet reply very enthusiastically to the Ghost’s request of revenge but as Hamlet beings to consider the validity of the matter he becomes more wary of going forth in his vengeful act. Shakespeare is suggesting through Hamlet’s delays, that an individual may struggle with restoring his honour and certainty because of the psychological impediments resulting in procrastination. After careful examination of the source of evidence, it is clear that  Shakespeare has suggested that individuals struggle with restoring honour and certainty because of procrastination and deception.Shakespeare introduced deceptive characters such as Claudius, Gertrude, and Hamlet to show how easy yet unrewarding being deceptive can be. Deceiving oneself and others will do more harm than justice in restoring certainty and honour. As well, Shakespeare made it known through Hamlet’s over-contemplative tendencies and worrisome thoughts that procrastinating will not essentially make the decision easier, but more difficult. An individual should consider his/her actions before taking them but over-thinking could make regaining honour and certainty more challenging than necessary.

Anorexia Nervosa1 essays

Anorexia Nervosa1 essays Many people suffer from the condition known as anorexia nervosa. Often the victims go through a number of symptoms that can lead to a serious amount of problems concerning a persons weight, happiness, and personality. People should keep a close eye out for anyone who shows signs of certain symptoms that become present later on in the future. In medicine, Anorexia Nervosa is a condition characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming obese, along with a distorted body image, which leads to excessive weight loss from restricting food intake and exercising excessively. It is essentially self-starvation leading to a loss of body weight 15% below normal, accompanied with hyperactivity, hypothermia, and amenorrhea. Between 5 and 18 percent of known anorexia nervosa victims die of starvation, and the condition may also lead to abnormalities in the menstrual cycle and increased susceptibility to infection. (Bruch, 53) Anorexia is an illness of several causes. The weight loss that triggers the illness is often the result of either a normal diet (the sort that is typical of many normal adolescent girls) or unhappiness or illness. The personalities of those with the illness tend to be conformist, compliant, and hard working. These traits are usually accentuated by the disorder. The families of anorexics are mainly high achieving with high expectations of their children. They often seem to discourage individual growth and encourage conformity. There is frequently a failure to express emotional issues. There are often a lot of pressures such as exams when the illness starts and stresses arising from difficulties in relationships with friends are also common. (Claude-Pierre, 102) Perfectionist parents drive their children to be the best and the brightest. These parents fixate on order, prestige, power and/or perfect appearances. Depriving parents withhold attention and encouragement from their children. They love cond...

Essay on An Anthropologist on Mars

Essay on An Anthropologist on Mars Essay on An Anthropologist on Mars Investigating cases on behavior and neurology presents a significant number of health ideas. The brain is capable of performing tasks through a finite number of reactions and neurons in the nervous system. In light to this, I decide to go through the works of Oliver Sacks named An Anthropologist on Mars. I keenly study the seven cases of patients and colleagues he has highlighted about their extraordinary brains. Each case differs from the other thus depicting the issues on study. From the brain tumor victim to surgeon suffering from Tourette’s syndrome the dimension of the study broaden. In order for one to be in a position to understand their subjects appropriately, the personality method of investigation is vital. Therefore, spending ample time with your subjects is very crucial in this field. I find An anthropologist on Mars fascinating since it gives amn opportunity to view peoples’ brains conditions as well as study them to the letter. The fascinating neurobiological stories explore some of the unique experiences and perceptions of oneself. The saddest thing about the study on disorders of the nervous system and the brain is that the condition of most of the patients is beyond repair. This is irrespective of the diverse scope of knowledge in the book. The passion in me to know more about science related cases especially on first hand individuals helps me see the effectiveness of Sacks’ method of investigation. The authors method of finding ways to help patients to be fit again is fantastic. I arrive to this conclusion after reading how he has tackled cases in certain disorders facing the neuro system and the brain. These are Korsakov’s syndrome and Tourettes syndrome. Patients in these unusual disorders should be given information on how to cope to the conditions they find themselves in. this should be done without necessarily considering whether the patient’s outcome. All the professionals involved in this field should incorporate this idea into their profession to spur them to enviable success. In addition, utilizing different neurological techniques to learn each of the subjects in a respectful and personal manner is also important. Most of those operating in this field tend to go by the results given by the clinic. However, this is not always advisable since you maybe condemning someone to a their death whereas a lot can be done to improve his condition. Having the curiosity to discover the beauty in the minds of the affected people will help you achieve this goal far much easier. All this should be done in environments that make the affected feel comfortable rather than undermined. This is through creating time for private outings with every patient you are in contact with as well making arrangements to bond with them through their activities. This enables one to learn more and figure out their problems. Being a step ahead and having better ideas on how to treat the individual under medical examination is also important. Each of the chapters in An anthropologist on Mars has a cast of significant characters, setting, and plot. The elements portrayed in the book weave together creating a fascinating story. The i ndividuals undergoing examination are astonishing and how the author manages to counter the sterile account of the relative neurological functioning found in psychiatric journals is brilliant. I am amazed by how the author describes interactions, setting and personal feelings of the subjects. This is what defines his unique approach as a prolific writer and extraordinary neuroscientist. The analysis every situation has supernatural significance. The investigations also involve cases with personal stake and distinct compassion mostly available in psychiatrist’s offices. The ability to make transform a diagnosis to a story puts him ahead of the rest in the writing field. Another of his strengths is responsibility of transforming his characters from simple brain to a human worthy story with perfection. The people Sacks studies are both patients and subjects. This is since the cases Oliver Sacks bases his investigations on involve conditions mostly associated with the brain. The patients and subjects are suffering from different neurological conditions. Sacks believe that the patients suffer from such conditions as a result of living in a world different from the rest. The Case of the Colorblind Painter involves an artist who loses his color perception ability after an accident. â€Å"Would it be â€Å"normal† from the moment vision was restored? Was not experience necessary to see? Did one have to learn to see?† (Sacks 109). The author details the patient cases and uses it as one of the ways in giving an account of how the modern understanding of vision works. From this, there are lessons learnt from the inability of the artist to also remember the colors. The diseases focused on in the essays affect the ways in which individuals know and understand themselves. The Last Hippie also has a similar context as connected from the current state of the patient. The author describes to a relative knowledge history concerning the brain’s frontal lobe function. This also involves some of the significant problems resulting from the damage caused on the lobes. There is a review on the looks of the different types of memories and their forms of interaction. In A Surgeons Life, the author switches to deal with the colleagues suffering from Tourette’s syndrome. Here I notice how the piece of art manages to provide the history of the condition and also includes similar tics and symptoms. There is an emphasis on how the colleague adjusts to the people around him, and the tics causing the Tourette’s syndrome. The little information given about the lessons learnt from the condition means that the author considers the aspect of respect for his colleague and discretion compared to the one he gives to the other patients. In the To See and Not See case, involves a case sight restoration to one of the patients who had suffered from blindness for a period of forty years. The author provides a few cases where this is possible and some of the reactions known to the people who experienced sight restoration. The author manages to recognize the contribution of colleagues and other people to the aspect of discussing specific mental illnesses. The danger is that we may go overboard in medicalizing our predecessors (and contemporaries), reducing their complexity, to expressions of neurological or psychiatric disorder, while neglecting all other factors that determine a life, not least the irreducible uniqueness of the individual (Sacks 165). This helps in understanding how such conditions affect the ways in which individuals know and understand themselves. There is a reference specifically to some of the tendencies psychoanalysts consider connecting genius with the brain variations since it is significant to neuroscience. While the idea works best in most of the formats, The Landscape of His Dreams covers cases of depression which results from temporal lobe epilepsy. This case is described in details in reflection to the painter who manages to detail his childhood town in visions and has to deal with the vital changes the town has undergone. Soaks give a very little discussion and history of temporal lobe epilepsy causes, but Prodigies focuses on the idea of autism. It provides a very little history on autism discovery and goes on to describe the difficult abilities people face as a result of autism. In â€Å"Prodigies,† there is focus on the internal struggle with the thoughts of his travel companion suffering from autism. â€Å"Normally, there is a cohering and unifying power that integrates all the separate faculties of mind, integrates them, too, with our experiences and emotions, so that they take on a unique personal cast. It is this global or integrating power that allows us to generalize and reflect, to develop subjectivity and a self-conscious self† (Sacks 227). â€Å"An Anthropologist on Mars,† provides one of the significant and interesting approaches to the aspect of neurobiology. This has informed my understanding of concepts such as â€Å"normal† and â€Å"handicap.† This is through focus on the conditions that most of the people described in the context of every chapter face, and the attempts to make things right. It also includes discussion of individuals entirely. I notice the disdain for a similar line of thought through considering patients and colleagues as a whole. However, there are no clarifications on the opinion of the topics covered in the book, but there are details of the various popular ideas over time. You can order a custom essay on this topic at professional writing service. 100% non-plagiarized essays of high quality will be written from scratch by experts.

How to Make Negative Sentences in French

How to Make Negative Sentences in French Making sentences negative in French is a bit more complicated than in English. This summary of the different kinds of negation and negation-related grammatical structures should help clear up some of the confusion. The title of each negation category links to a detailed lesson with examples of usage and a quiz. (Dont) just say nonNo, not a chance, I dont think so, and more. nonpas question ! Negative adverbsNegate or restrict the action of the verb they modify. ne... pasne... jamais Negative adjectivesNegate or cast doubt on a quality of the noun they modify. ne... nulne... aucun Negative pronounsNegate or cast doubt on the existence of the noun they replace. ne... rienne... personne Negative conjunctionTheres only one: ne... ni... ni... Negative questionsTheres a special French word to respond yes when someone else says no.lt;br - Non.- Si ! Negating infinitives2-part negative structures stay together in front of infinitives. Ne pas toucher.Ne jamais fermer. Nimporte... expressionsDesignate an unspecified person, thing, or characteristic. nimporte quinimporte quel... PasNegate a non-verbal structure. pas beaucouppas souvent Double negativesTwo negatives dont make a positive in French. Ce nest pas rien.Je nai jamais vu personne. Formal negationThere are three negative structures particular to formal French. ne... pointavant quil ne... Informal negationNe is often dropped in spoken French. Je sais pas.Bouge pas !

Modern Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Modern Economics - Essay Example The basic assumptions of both of these models is that even if a country can produce goods at a cheaper cost than another country, the most effective means of production will be to concentrate on the goods they produce to the greatest advantage. The understanding is that by exporting these goods and importing goods that are the key product of other countries the nation will gain its greatest productive wealth. One of the most recent remedies of this situation is New Trade Theory. This theoretical perspective shifts the focus from the comparative advantage paradigm to one more internally focused. While comparative advantage largely neglected nascent industries in favour of established industries of greatest advantage, new trade theory considers the importance of establishing networks or clusters among industries. Through this process the country is encouraged to impose tariffs as a means of allowing emerging clusters of industries to grow, as the understanding is that these clusters wi ll ultimately lead to a significant competitive advantage. The notion of free trade has long been a notion that has sounded good among individuals, but when considered both in practice and theory has a number of prominent drawbacks. Indeed, there are a number of arguments justifying exceptions to free trade. As noted above the establishment of nascent industries oftentimes necessitates tariffs be implemented. Another reason against free trade is the general support of industry in the country, as tariffs protect against foreign competition.

Public Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public Policy - Assignment Example The first step will be to create public awareness about the negative social effects of incarceration and about the need to help families of the incarcerated so that they survive with dignity. The second step will be to strengthen institutions which can support these families. The third aspect of this policy enforcement is related to allowing greater interaction between the incarcerated and their families. The public awareness campaign can be conducted in consultation with Children and families of Incarcerated Parents Advisory Committee. The Outreach and Education Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee can spearhead this campaign. Meetings of heads and members of institutions entrusted with the welfare of the families of incarcerated children can be convened to discuss possible steps to improve their functioning. Regarding the possibility of developing better communication between the incarcerated and their families, â€Å"parent education classes for inmates, a therapeutic child centered facility serving children of female inmates and examination of current rules and practices including visiting, mail and phones† have been some measures being suggested (Oregon.gov, July 4 2010). There have been many studies conducted on the impact of constant and good contact with the family on the rehabilitation of an incarcerated person and the results have been amazing. Findings of various studies have showed that: strong family relationships have positive outcomes on rates of delinquency for children of incarcerated parents†¦.effects of parental criminality are mediated by parental attachment†¦.frequent contact with children while incarcerated, facilitates future reunification†¦.male inmates who maintain strong family ties have much better post-release success†¦ for those who resume responsible husband and parenting roles, there are higher rates of success†¦. inmates who maintained frequent outside contacts while in prison

Multiculturalism in canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Multiculturalism in canada - Essay Example According to Bertrand, this commission was formed with the aim of investigating the existence of different cultures and ethnic groups in the country, and to devise recommendations on how the government can incorporate all of them in all walks of life in the country. The commission was also to take into account the cultural enrichment that the other ethnic groups provided in the country and find measures that could be taken to safeguard that contribution (Bertrand, par 3). Although it seems as though multiculturalism is a phenomenon that confers some advantage to a country, this essay outlines some of the damaging effects it expedites. It would be worthwhile to investigate how multiculturalism in Canada has promoted the creation of "segregated racial and ethno-cultural enclaves within local communities," (Garcea), leading to a country where the people are divided into numerous ethnic groups with different cultural backgrounds instead of uniting them. Garcea continues in this article t hat though the government tries hard to concentrate "immigrants with similar racial or ethno-cultural backgrounds," into the same location, multiculturalism "promotes and supports the creation of ethno-specific secular and religious institutions to serve the needs of each major ethno-cultural community." Clearly, immigrants to Canada do not automatically adopt the same national identity that the locals share, but they retain their own sense of identity and culture that they bring along from their own native country. Banting and Kymlicka have found that multiculturalism actually leads to feelings of alienation among the immigrants, and they quote that " racial minorities are less confident they fully belong," (Banting and Kymlicka, 54). Multiculturalism has also been blamed for resulting in discrimination and racism. Banting and Kymlicka claim that these minorities are " clearly are victims of racism," (Banting and Kymlicka, 64), and that they are more likely to be discriminated upon and face racist situations in the country. Banting and Kymlicka also state that " in comparison with white immigrants, minority immigrants have a greater sense of discrimination and vulnerability," (Banting and Kymlicka, 55). Additionally, "multiculturalism fosters competition and inequality between ethno-cultural groups," and also, "after some period of struggle a very clear group hierarchy will emerge and thereafter life chances will again be a direct consequence of ethnic background," (Garcea). He further states in his article that "this inequality results from the political dynamics between the relationships of the leadership of ethno-cultural groups and some political parties whereby the former seek political status and financial resources to advance the group's and personal interests, and the latter seek various forms of support to win elections," (Garcea). Clearly, multiculturalism does not lead to the creation of an equal and egalitarian society where everyone has the same chances of success in life regardless of their ethnicity; it instead promotes the creation of a hierarchal system, based on one's ethnicity. Multiculturalism has also led to the creation of conflicts between the different ethno-cultural gr

How are women portrayed in the films of the 1960s and 1970s Essay

How are women portrayed in the films of the 1960s and 1970s - Essay Example The feminist beliefs differed from groups to groups and from one woman to another. By 1970s, the Second Wave Feminist Movements had inspired several men and women in the United States (Klinger, 2008). There was a change on the women perception in politics, media, private household and academia. Films produced in the 1960s and 1970s provide the best lenses upon which to perceive the depiction of the public on the role and status of women during the time. Dr. Strangelove, a film produced in 1964 is one such perfect film depicting the position of the woman in 1960s (Rosenstone, 2009). in the opening scene of the comedy, a member of staff of the United States Royal Air force is seemingly dressed to relax and flying above the Soviet Union. The member of US RAF whips out the latest playboy magazine and peruses through its pages. Whereas the actions in the short scene may not seem as a big deal, the scene optimizes the objectification of women that runs throughout the rest of the film. Stan ley Kubrick use satire in the movie to portray the lighter side of sad time on gender in the United States. Dr. Strangelove was produced during the period of Wave Feminism. While women of this period were allowed to vote, they lacked all the rights men held at the moment. Throughout this movie, women are either used merely for the benefit of men or are totally absent from the scenes. An excellent example of absence of women from matters important to the running of the nation is at the Joint Chiefs of Staff Meeting. There is not a single woman in the board rooms of the meetings that take a majority of the film. The quality of the film and the role of different genders in the movie portray the different perceptions of the people living at the time. Unlike present times where women take proactive part in cinemas, the 1964 production points to a time in history when women had not gained rights and respect (Rosenstone, 2009). They were not instrumental in the running of the state and mak ing important decisions of governance. Their role was supplementary to the duties of men. If a woman was to participate in any nation building activity, it would be under the shadow of her husband. Coming to the public limelight as an agent of change and constructive development of the nation was unheard of as depicted extensively in the film. While the services of women of the time were not directly outlined in the film, the role of women in satisfaction of basic needs of men was profound. Women were portrayed as objects of sexual satisfaction. The United States RAF pilot introduces this apparent place of women in the society of 1960s as he gets satisfaction from the Playboy Magazine by mere gaze at naked pictures of women. The first time the audience gets to meet a feminine character is with the entourage of Miss Scott. She echoes the director’s depiction of women as objects of sexual entertainment for men. Her sprawled out tuning under colored bright light in revealing bik ini leaving little to the imagination of the mind brings the point home that, indeed, women of the 1960s held no other position to men than massage their sexual ego (Klinger, 2008). The Graduate is the other film that tells gender and the way 1960s and early 1970s defined a change of the perception of both men and women on gender. The film narrates a story of two characters almost coming into terms with the dynamic meaning of gender at

The Importance of Press in a Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Importance of Press in a Democracy - Essay Example However, we may only have one side of the information if we only look at one news program or if we only depend on local information. The Role of the Media in a Democracy According to the Center for Democracy and Governance (1999) the role of the media in democracy has two roles. The first role is that it gives citizens enough information about a topic to help them make "responsible, informed choices" (p. 5) rather than allowing them to act through misinformation or through ignorance. The second role is that it provides a "checking function" (p. 5) that points to elected officials to make sure that they uphold the oath they took in their particular office and that they carry out the wishes of their constituents. When we as citizens look at the media, we do expect that it will give us the information that we need to make good decisions. As an example, the Obama presidential campaign showed us how the media can inform us of what to do. Obama used Facebook as his major media contact and still uses this outlet today. People were able to ask questions and to follow the campaign from beginning to end. Many people suggest that this is how he eventually won the presidency, and this shows that he understood the power of the media. In a democracy, people are not under the influence of the government like in other countries. As an example, there are some countries that only receive the information that their government wants them to access. In some Muslim countries, as an example, any information that shows women as liberated will be blocked whether it is on television or on the Internet (Deibert, 2011). In this situation, the government did not want people to follow the protests in the Middle East for fear that it would affect them in some way. This again shows the power of the media on the opposite side. That is, the media can be used to manipulate the ideas of a country or it can be used to hinder the thoughts of the individuals living in a country. We hope that in a de mocracy, this does not happen. The Center for Democracy and Governance also states that the media must understand who they are communicating to in order to get the right message to the right people. They suggest that the audience for media attention includes: 1. Consumers 2. Individual producers (reporters, editors, technicians, business managers) 3. Content provider companies (wire services, think tanks, NGOs) 4. Training institutes, universities 5. Independent regulators 6. Media monitors (political polling agencies, policy institutes, advocacy groups, governments, advertisers) 7. Professional organizations (journalism and business associations) 8. New technology gatekeepers (infrastructure developers, software creators, trainers, investors). (p. 7). When thinking about these audiences, it is clear to see that each one would have a different opinion to express on any given topic. The media is therefore important to each of these audiences in order to make sure that they also can c ommunicate effectively to their constituents. Perception of Media Central to the important of media in a democracy is the way that the media and its message are received by the audience. Often, we are told that the media is biased to one side or the other and this can stop people from believing the media ("Perception", 2011). When the public perceives that the media is not telling them the truth or that it is not putting for the effort to bring forth all of the facts, people tend to

Web-Based E-Compensation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Web-Based E-Compensation - Research Paper Example They can conduct salary surveys, which they can use for requesting salary changes by using e-compensation software tool. Advantages and Disadvantages of Using a Web-Based Compensation Tool versus a Client-Server Based System One of the benefits of using the web-based tool are that the computerized approach replaces tiresome manual procedure; hence making any reimbursement program very easier to administer and it is virtually free of error. Secondly, this system does not require installation and any updates; thus saving a lot of time for managers. The web-based compensation can be accessed from anywhere using the Internet connections and the standard browser; thus saving time for managers. The data for this tool can be stored remotely and it takes a little disk space. On the other hand, client-server based would require a manager to manager to maintain, implement, and formulate policies, as well as, processes for maintaining the security and integrity of the server or the client datab ase by resolving any database problems. However, one of the drawbacks with web-based compensation tool is that of the poor user experience due to performance challenges and browser constraints. Secondly, the remote server can be compromised and this is a disadvantage because private information can be disclosed easily to another party. Moreover, the web-based compensation tool requires Internet connections and this can be a limitation since lack of Internet connection can hinder the server from accessing information. Even though access to the Internet connections is increasing, it is still not everywhere; thus it may hinder server form easy access to information. On the other hand, in case of the client-server based, the client-server requires the user to be on the local network because the software is accessed through using the local network. The business entity has to invest in a remote for better access such as having PC everywhere in order to enable the user to access the softwa re. Lastly, accessing the software by using the local network connections is imperative because it can create a realistically swift response and self-sufficiency from the Internet. In my opinion, the client-server based or stand-alone PC-based system would be the most effective for offering the most value to stakeholders in an organization because of varied reasons. One of them is that this tool offers high security to the server; thus employing it in an organization can enable stakeholders to access their private information effectively. Secondly, the client-server based provides set-ups and can be altered without disturbing the clients; hence, it is an effective system for offering valuable services to the client. Moreover, the user and the client can share files effectively through web browsing, use of emails or chat rooms, and lastly, client-server is typically desktops, which are less costly because they can enable the stakeholder to access information even from remote areas as long one is connected to the local network.

The Importance of Press in a Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Importance of Press in a Democracy - Essay Example However, we may only have one side of the information if we only look at one news program or if we only depend on local information. The Role of the Media in a Democracy According to the Center for Democracy and Governance (1999) the role of the media in democracy has two roles. The first role is that it gives citizens enough information about a topic to help them make "responsible, informed choices" (p. 5) rather than allowing them to act through misinformation or through ignorance. The second role is that it provides a "checking function" (p. 5) that points to elected officials to make sure that they uphold the oath they took in their particular office and that they carry out the wishes of their constituents. When we as citizens look at the media, we do expect that it will give us the information that we need to make good decisions. As an example, the Obama presidential campaign showed us how the media can inform us of what to do. Obama used Facebook as his major media contact and still uses this outlet today. People were able to ask questions and to follow the campaign from beginning to end. Many people suggest that this is how he eventually won the presidency, and this shows that he understood the power of the media. In a democracy, people are not under the influence of the government like in other countries. As an example, there are some countries that only receive the information that their government wants them to access. In some Muslim countries, as an example, any information that shows women as liberated will be blocked whether it is on television or on the Internet (Deibert, 2011). In this situation, the government did not want people to follow the protests in the Middle East for fear that it would affect them in some way. This again shows the power of the media on the opposite side. That is, the media can be used to manipulate the ideas of a country or it can be used to hinder the thoughts of the individuals living in a country. We hope that in a de mocracy, this does not happen. The Center for Democracy and Governance also states that the media must understand who they are communicating to in order to get the right message to the right people. They suggest that the audience for media attention includes: 1. Consumers 2. Individual producers (reporters, editors, technicians, business managers) 3. Content provider companies (wire services, think tanks, NGOs) 4. Training institutes, universities 5. Independent regulators 6. Media monitors (political polling agencies, policy institutes, advocacy groups, governments, advertisers) 7. Professional organizations (journalism and business associations) 8. New technology gatekeepers (infrastructure developers, software creators, trainers, investors). (p. 7). When thinking about these audiences, it is clear to see that each one would have a different opinion to express on any given topic. The media is therefore important to each of these audiences in order to make sure that they also can c ommunicate effectively to their constituents. Perception of Media Central to the important of media in a democracy is the way that the media and its message are received by the audience. Often, we are told that the media is biased to one side or the other and this can stop people from believing the media ("Perception", 2011). When the public perceives that the media is not telling them the truth or that it is not putting for the effort to bring forth all of the facts, people tend to

1.Visit a museum or gallery exhibition or attend a theater, dance, or Essay - 1

1.Visit a museum or gallery exhibition or attend a theater, dance, or musical performance - Essay Example (Sullivan&Sheffrin, 2003). The museum is divided into two; the North and South wings, housing the department of Biology and Geology respectively. At the main entrance, there is a sculpture on the ground level with a massive pigmented stone on the doorway, flanked by standing lamps designed in a well groomed manner. The museum has an atrium gallery with plenty of space, dominated by a well-designed sweeping staircase made of Alabama marble and well supported by manicured iron. The two departments have classrooms and laboratories, with basements housing the Museum’s teaching collections and field equipment; both are used by students and lectures. The museum provides a natural historical experience. It contains thousands of invaluable specimens from all kinds of scientific research. It contains historical documents, records and souvenirs which are well preserved. The visit gives one a full glimpse of what natural diversity means by exhibiting a number of dinosaurs, coal age, ice age and others. There is also a distinct exhibition of extinct collections of Geological artefacts and Zoology, which included preserved animals placed in clear enclosed windowpanes. Different minerals were also presented, some old, and having different textures and colours. Examples of the minerals included gem stones, iron ores, silt, diamonds, and specks of copper. Palaeontology items included different types of plant species, shrubs, leaves, seeds and ethnologically written documents explaining facts and whereabouts of different tribes in the world. Lastly, there was a number of photography that was done in different scenes in different time perio ds, showing different locations, or countries of the world. All the specimens, artefacts and other historical items were all labelled as properties of the museum. The well-marked names, labels and short brief descriptions of the items of specimens provided the learner or the viewer with a clear meaning of

The Things They Carried Essay Example for Free

The Things They Carried Essay In the short essay â€Å"The Things They Carried† the setting takes place during the Vietnam War. First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross and his troops are assigned different missions, one of which is to look for the enemies in tunnels. â€Å"After five minutes, Lieutenant Jimmy Cross moved to the tunnel, leaned down, and examined the darkness† (p. 597). Throughout the story the narrator gives a background on the war and describes the different things the troops have to carry with them, both physical and emotional baggage. The Vietnam War began in 1959. The United States declared a war against Vietnam to stop the spread of communism. Many young man were drafted most of them did not want to go to war. Once they were at war they did not want to leave the war; if they could not move, they stayed to fight the enemy. â€Å"It was what had brought them to the war in the first place, nothing positive, no dreams of glory or honor, just to avoid the blush of dishonor† (p. 598). Everyone in the war wanted to survive, so they had to carry everything they needed to stay alive. The story constantly lists the physical baggage the troops have to carry with them. â€Å"Among the necessities or near-necessities were P-38 can openers, pocket knives, heat tabs, wristwatches, dog tags, mosquito repellent, chewing gum, candy, cigarettes, salt tablets, packets of Kool-Aid, lighters, matches, sewing kits, Military Payment Certificates, C rations, and two or three canteens of water† (p. 596). Some troops took things with them that they did not really need and made their baggage heavier. Along with physical baggage, the troops carried emotional baggage. After Ted Lavender died, Lieutenant Cross felt like it was his fault and he should have cared about his troops more than Martha. â€Å"He had loved Martha more than his men, and as a consequence Lavender was now dead, and this was something he would have to carry like a stone in his stomach for the rest of the war† (p. 599). The story does not describe much of what other troops’ emotional baggage was, but just like every other soldier in combat they all had something that troubled them. The story ends with the Lieutenant Cross hating Martha and becoming stricter with his troops. He did not want to lose another soldier because of some girl, and he understood that the troops might not favor him as much, but it was for their well-being. â€Å"Among men there would be grumbling, of course, and maybe worse; because their days would seem longer and their loads heavier, but Lieutenant Jimmy Cross reminded himself that his obligation was not to be loved but to lead† (p. 606).

Impact of Political Stability in India on Economic Growth

Impact of Political Stability in India on Economic Growth Political stability helps in making economic decisions and reducing the risk of imbalance in the economy. In May 2004, elections brought the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) into power. Growth, stability and equity are mutually reinforcing objectives. The quest of the UPA Government is to eliminate poverty by giving every citizen an opportunity to be educated, to learn a skill, and to be gainfully employed. The economic strategy of the UPA is composed of four main elements: maintaining macroeconomic balances; improving the incentives operating upon firms; enhancing physical infrastructure; and a range of initiatives aimed at empowering millions of poor households to participate in the growing prosperity. The major concern remains on commitment towards national interest, reduction of interference of unlawful elements in politics, public accountability and growth oriented policies of the government. Under the leadership of Dr Manmohan Singh the focus of the government is appropriate a nd will not be cause of distress It has positive effect on economic growth but many times due to other factors it may be negative. In India in last 20 years many governments were made. India is a developing country and it grows very fast. Whenever the govt. changes economic effected very much. India is the worlds largest democracy. In India, the prime minister is identified as the head of government of the nation, while the president is said to be the formal head of state and holds substantial reserve powers, placing him or her in approximately the same position as the British monarch. Executive power is enforced by the government. It can be noted that federal legislative power is vested in both the government of India and the two characteristic chambers of the Parliament of India. Also, it can be said that the judiciary is independent of both the executive and the legislature. For most of the years since independence, the federal government has been guided by the Indian National Congress , In India the two largest political parties have been the Indian National Congress and the bhartiya janata party (BJP). Presently the two parties have dominated the Indian politics, however regional parities too exist. From 1950 to 1990, barring two brief periods, the INC enjoyed a parliamentary majority. The INC was out of power between 1977 and 1980, when the Janata Party won the election owing to public discontent with the corruption of the then Prime Minister Indhira Gandhi. In 1989, a janata dal-led National Front coalition in alliance with the Left Front coalition won the elections but managed to stay in power for only two years. As the 1991 elections gave no political party a majority, the INC formed a minority government under Prime Minister P.V.Narsimha Rao and was able to complete its five-year term. The years 1996-1998 were a period of turmoil in the federal go vernment with several short-lived alliances holding sway. The BJP formed a government briefly in 1996, followed by the United Front coalition that excluded both the BJP and the INC. Political uncertainty is an investors nightmare. It does disturb the flow of foreign direct investment plans both into the private sector as well as the government owned public sector units and that surely affects economic growth. However, this argument is good only to a limited extent. Political stability is not necessarily an essential pre-requisite item for good economic growth. In actual practice, it is the other way around as it can be argued, that it is good economic growth, that essentially leads to political stability. Therefore, when the Congress spokespersons talked of political stability without mentioning its correlation with economic growth, their apprehensions of coalition governments appeared misplaced. Further Congress talking political stability was like the devil quoting the scripture. One cannot but remember that it was the Congress that destabilized the governments of 5 Prime Ministers, viz. Mr. Charan Singh, Mr. Chandrasekhar, Mr. H. D. Dev Gowda, Mr. Inder Kumar Gujral and of course Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Every one, of these governments, was toppled on flimsiest grounds. Indeed, they could have easily lasted their full term, if and only if politics had taken the back seat. Indias Growth Since Independence India has moved from a moderate growth path of the first three decades (1950 to 1980) to a higher growth trajectory since 1980s. Over the last two and a half decades, India has emerged as one of the fastest growing economies of the world, averaging about 6 percent growth rate per annum and ranking of the country in terms of size of the economy, especially in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) Terms have improved. In the last three years. We have averaged a growth rate of 8 percent. Apart from registering impressive growth rate over the last two and a half decades, Indias growth process has been stable. Studies indicate that the yearly variation in growth in India has been one of the lowest. During the period, we have faced only one crisis in 1991. The crisis was followed by a credible macroeconomic structural and stabilization program encompassing trade, industry, foreign investment, exchange rate, public finance and financial sector. The evidence of stable economic con dition is the successful avoidance of any adverse contagon impact of shocks from the East Asian crisis, the Russian crisis during 1997-98, sanction like situation in post pokhran scenario, and border conflict during May-June 1999. The performance of the Indian economy during the current fiscal year has exceeded expectations. Initial growth projections for the period April 2004 to March 2005 were around 6.8%. Expectation was paired with a percentage point due to low rainfall from July 2004. Global price shocks in oil, steel and coal added to apprehension, particularly about inflation. However, shaking off these fears, the economy has grown by a robust 6.9%. There are two aspects to the emergence of India. First, there are signs of vigorous growth in manufacturing. High growth rates in exports have been extended beyond the now-familiar services story to skill-intensive sectors like automobiles and drugs. Manufacturing growth accelerated every month after May 2004 to reach double-digit levels in September and October. Merchandise export growth in the first 10 months of 2004-05 was 25.6%. For three quarters running, revenue growth in the corporate sector has been above 20% and net profit growth has been around 30%. Second, there is a pronounced pickup in investment. From 2001-02, the investment rate in India, low by East Asian standards, rose by 3.7 percentage points to 26.3% of GDP in 2003-04. ROLE OF POLITICAL PARTIES: The janata dal won elections in 1989, but its government managed to hold on to power for only two years. Between 1996 and 1998, there was a period of political flux with the government being formed first by the right-wing nationalist Bhartiya janata party (BJP) followed by a left-leaning United Front coalition. In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance with smaller regional parties, and became the first non-INC and coalition government to complete a full five-year term. The grenal saw the INC winning the largest number of seats to form a government leading the united progressive alliance and supported by left-parties and those opposed to the BJP. On 22 May 2004, Manmohan Singh was appointed the Prime Minister of India following the victory of the INC the left front in the 2004 lok sabha election. The UPA now rules India without the support of the left front. Previously Atal Bihari vajpeyi had taken office in October 1999 after a general election in which a BJP-led coalition of 13 parties called the national democratic alliance emerged with a majority. Formation of coalition governments reflects the transition in Indian politics away from the national parties toward smaller, more narrowly-based regional parties. Some regional parties, especially in South India, are deeply aligned to the ideologies of the region unlike the national parties and thus the relationship between the central government and the state government in various states has not always been free of rancor. Disparity between the ideologies of the political parties ruling the centre and the state leads to severely skewed allocation of resources between the states. Central and State Governments The central government exercises its broad administrative powers in the name of the President, whose duties are largely ceremonial. The president and vice president are elected indirectly for 5-year terms by a special electoral college. The vice president assumes the office of president in case of the death or resignation of the incumbent president The constitution designates the governance of India under two branches namely the executive branch and real national executive power is centered in the Council of Ministers, led by the prime minister of India. The President appoints the Prime Minister, who is designated by legislators of the political party or coalition commanding a parliamentary majority. The President then appoints subordinate ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister. In reality, the President has no discretion on the question of whom to appoint as Prime Minister except when no political party or coalition of parties gains a majority in the Lok Sabha. Once the Prime Minister has been appointed, the President has no discretion on any other matter whatsoever, including the appointment of ministers. But all Central Government decisions are taken by president. Political stability and Economic Growth: The politicians should realize that in the last decade or so, the scene in the country has undergone a sea change: India is a young country, where the average age is less than 26years. The literacy rate is continuously rising. The Primary Health Care services are improving. Female life expectancy rate and infantile survival rate are improving. There is a growing awareness of the need to let market forces decide on their role in the development of infrastructure projects. The power distribution has shifted from a centralized command structure to one where even the leader at local level has an opportunity to address his local aspirations at the national level. Privatization and Disinvestment Vajpayee had a vision of the 21st century information age. So, he privatized the Internet, reformed the flawed telecom policy, opened radio broadcasting in 40 cities and allowed up-linking facilities to satellite channels. Congress has yet to realize the impact of global market and address issues on taxes, subsidy etc so that the effects of globalization do not come as a jolt to the common man in the street. Mr. Narasimhas government approach on globalization lacked this humane approach. There was progress on other incremental reforms cut the diesel subsidy, de-licensed petroleum products and oil refining, set up a power regulatory authority, threw open transmission to the private sector. Moreover, he surprised us by squashing the irrational swadeshi forces within his own party. Impact in India: There are many affect in Indian economy due to political stability every factor is affected. India opened up the economy in the early nineties following a major crisis that led by a foreign exchange crunch that dragged the economy close to defaulting on loans. The response was a slew of Domestic and external sector policy measures partly prompted by the immediate needs and partly by the demand of the multilateral organisations. The new policy regime radically pushed forward in favour of amore open and market oriented economy. Major measures initiated as a part of the liberalisation and globalisation strategy in the early nineties included scrapping of the industrial licensing regime, reduction in the number of areas reserved for the public sector, amendment of the monopolies and the restrictive trade practices act, start of the privatisation programme, reduction in tariff rates and change over to market determined exchange rates. Over the years there has been a steady liberalisation of the current account transactions, more and more sectors opened up for foreign direct investments and portfolio investments facilitating entry of foreign investors in telecom, roads, ports, airports, insurance and other major sectors. The Indian tariff rates reduced sharply over the decade from a weighted average of 72.5% in 1991-92 to 24.6 in 1996-97.Though tariff rates went up slowly in the late nineties it touched 35.1% in 2001-02. India is committed to reduced tariff rates. Peak tariff rates are to be reduced to be reduced to the minimum with a peak rate of 20%, in another 2 years most non-tariff barriers have been dismantled by march 2002, including almost all quantitative restrictions. The Indian economy is passing through a difficult phase caused by several unfavourable domestic and external developments; Domestic output and Demand conditions were adversely affected by poor performance in agriculture in the past two years. The global economy experienced an overall deceleration and recorded an output growth of 2.4% during the past year growth in real GDP in 2001-02 was 5.4% as per the Economic Survey in 2000-01. The performance in the first quarter of the financial year is5.8% and second quarter is 6.1%. Sectors Industry and services India has one of the worlds fastest growing automobile industries. Shown here is the Tata motors make Nano, the worlds cheapest car. Industry accounts for 28% of the GDP and employ 14% of the total workforce. However, about one-third of the industrial labor force is engaged in simple household manufacturing only. In absolute terms, India is 16th in the world in terms of nominal factory output. Economic reforms brought foreign competition, led to privatization of certain public sector industries, opened up sectors hitherto reserved for the public sector and led to an expansion in the production of fast-moving consumer goods. Post-liberalization, the Indian private sector, which was usually run by oligopolies of old family firms and required political connections to prosper was faced with foreign competition, including the threat of cheaper Chinese imports. It has since handled the change by squeezing costs, revamping management, focusing on designing new products and relying on low labor costs and technology. Textile manufacturing is the second largest source for employment after agriculture and accounts for 26% of manufacturing output. Ludhiana produces 90% of woolens in India and is also known as the Manchester of India. Tripura has gained universal recognition as the leading source of hosiery, knitted garments, casual wear and sportswear. Dharavi slum in Mumbai has gained fame for leather products. Tata Motors Nano attempts to be the worlds cheapest car. India is fifteenth in services output. It provides employment to 23% of work force, and it is growing fast, growth rate 7.5% in 1991-2000 up from 4.5% in 1951-80. It has the largest share in the GDP, accounting for 55% in 2007 up from 15% in 1950. Business services (information technology, information technology enabled services, business process outsourcing) are among the fastest growing sectors contributing to one third of the total output of services in 2000. The growth in the IT sector is attributed to increased specialization, and an availability of a large pool of low cost, but highly skilled, educated and fluent English-speaking workers, on the supply side, matched on the demand side by an increased demand from foreign consumers interested in Indias service exports, or those looking to outsource their operations. The share of Indias IT industry to the countrys GDP increased from 4.8% in 2005-06 to 7% in 2008. In 2009, seven Indian firms were listed among the top 15 technology outsourcing companies in the world. In March 2009, annual revenues from outsourcing operations in India amounted to US$60 billion and this is expected to increase to US$225 billion by 2020. Organized retail such supermarkets accounts for 24% of the market as of 2008. Regulations prevent most foreign investment in retailing. Moreover, over thirty regulations such as signboard licences and anti-hoarding measures may have to be complied before a store can open doors. There are taxes for moving goods to states, from states, and even within states. Tourism in India is relatively undeveloped, but growing at double digits. Some hospitals woo medical tourism. Agriculture Farmers work inside a rice field in Andhra Pradesh. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China and Andhra Pradesh is the 2nd largest rice producing state in India with West Bengal being the largest. India ranks second worldwide in farm output. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 17% of the GDP in 2009, employed 52% of the total workforce and despite a steady decline of its share in the GDP, is still the largest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic development of India. Yields per unit area of all crops have grown since 1950, due to the special emphasis placed on agriculture in the five-year plans and steady improvements in irrigation, technology, application of modern agricultural practices and provision of agricultural credit and subsidies since Green revolution in India. However, international comparisons reveal the average yield in India is generally 30% to 50% of the highest average yield in the world. India is the largest producer in the world of milk, cashew nuts, coconuts, tea, ginger, turmeric and black pepper. It also has the worlds largest cattle population: 193 million. It is the second largest producer of wheat, rice, sugar, cotton, silk, peanuts and inland fish. It is the third largest producer of tobacco. India is the largest fruit producer, accounting for 10% of the world fruit production. It is the leading producer of bananas, sapotas and mangoes. Finance in India Banking in Indiaand Insurance in India The Indian money market is classified into: the organised sector (comprising private, public and foreign owned commercial banks and cooperative banks, together known as scheduled banks); and the unorganised sector (comprising individual or family owned indigenous bankers or money lenders and non-banking financial companies (NBFCs)). The unorganised sector and microcredit are still preferred over traditional banks in rural and sub-urban areas, especially for non-productive purposes, like ceremonies and short duration loans. Mumbai is the financial and commercial capital of India. Shown here is the World Trade Centre of Mumbai Prime Minister Indira Gandhi nationalised 14 banks in 1969, followed by six others in 1980, and made it mandatory for banks to provide 40% of their net credit to priority sectors like agriculture, small-scale industry, retail trade, small businesses, etc. to ensure that the banks fulfill their social and developmental goals. Since then, the number of bank branches has increased from 10,120 in 1969 to 98,910 in 2003 and the population covered by a branch decreased from 63,800 to 15,000 during the same period. The total deposits increased 32.6 times between 1971 to 1991 compared to 7 times 1951 to 1971. Despite an increase of rural branches, from 1,860 or 22% of the total number of branches in 1969 to 32,270 or 48%, only 32,270 out of 5 lakh (500,000) villages are covered by a scheduled bank. The public sector banks hold over 75% of total assets of the banking industry, with the private and foreign banks holding 18.2% and 6.5% respectively. Since liberalisation, the government has approved significant banking reforms. While some of these relate to nationalised banks (like encouraging mergers, reducing government interference and increasing profitability and competitiveness), other reforms have opened up the banking and insurance sectors to private and foreign players. More than half of personal savings are invested in physical assets such as land, houses, cattle, and gold. Indian has the highest saving rate in the world at 36 percent. Natural resources in India Energy policy of India India has the worlds fifth largest wind power industry, with an installed wind power capacity of 9,587 MW. Shown here is a wind farm in Muppandal, Tamil Nadu. Indias total cultivable area is 1,269,219km ² (56.78% of total land area), which is decreasing due to constant pressure from an ever growing population and increased urbanisation. India has a total water surface area of 314,400km ² and receives an average annual rainfall of 1,100mm. Irrigation accounts for 92% of the water utilisation, and comprised 380km ² in 1974, and is expected to rise to 1,050km ² by 2025, with the balance accounted for by industrial and domestic consumers. Indias inland water resources comprising rivers, canals, ponds and lakes and marine resources comprising the east and west coasts of the Indian ocean and other gulfs and bays provide employment to nearly 6 million people in the fisheries sector. In 2008, India had the worlds third largest fishing industry. Indias major mineral resources include coal, iron, manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium, chromite, limestone and thorium. India meets most of its domestic energy demand through its 92 billion tonnes of coal reserves (about 10% of worlds coal reserves). Indias huge thorium reserves- about 25% of worlds reserves- is expected to fuel the countrys ambitious nuclear energy program in the long-run. Indias dwindling uranium reserves stagnated the growth of nuclear energy in the country for many years. However, the Indo-US nuclear deal has paved the way for India to import uranium from other countries. India is also believed to be rich in certain renewable sources of energy with significant future potential such as solar, wind and biofuels (jatropha, sugarcane). CONCLUSION: After complete this term paper I come at this conclusion that politics effects economy very much. If a govt. change than many other factors also changes. Every govt. do work by their own style, they change many things like construction, infrastructure, their employees, contractors and it may affect positive or negative. So it based on situation. Political stability is very important for economic growth. REFERENCES: www.businessline.com www.oppapers.com Wikipedia www.scribd.com

How does Browning show the balance of power between men and women in :: English Literature

How does Browning show the balance of power between men and women in My Last Duchess and Porphryria's Lover? In these two poems Robert Browning shows the balance of power in male-female relationships. Both are very similar in the way that they portray the women having more power than they should have, and the men not having the power they think they should have. In the first poem, 'My Last Duchess', Browning shows the Duke not having full control over his wife, the Duchess. In the second poem, 'Porphyria's Lover', the narrator does not have control because she is in a higher class and cannot be with him and she would lower her class and she is not ready to give it up. In 'My Last Duchess', the Duke is talking to someone about the dead Duchess. He first refers to power over the Duchess in the poem when he says about the painting of her behind the curtain, and if anybody wants to see it they would have to ask him first, 'Since none puts by The curtain I have drawn for you, but I' This shows that he still has control over her even though she has passed on. After that he writes about how every little detail seemed to please her, 'She had A heart how shall I say... too soon made glad, Too easily impressed; she liked whate'er She looked on, and her looks went everywhere.' The Duke gets quite angry at this point, 'The bough of cherries some officious fool Broke in the orchard for her,' This is about how a man broke into the orchard, took a bunch of cherry blossom and gave it to the duchess, and made her very pleased, which as you can understand he can give her far better things than a common man can give, 'As if she ranked My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name With anybody's gift.' He gave her his old and important family name which most women would give their happiness to have, when she married him, which in the Duke's eyes is better than anything else in the world. He says that to comment on this behaviour is stooping down to a lower level, 'And I choose Never to stoop' The Duchess's behaviour becomes beyond tolerable next, 'Oh, sir, she smiled, no doubt, When'er I passed her; but who passed without Much the same smile? This grew; I gave commands; Then all smiles stopped together.' This greatly suggests that the Duke thought he had the power over the Duchess, and used it to order someone to kill her, although he doesn't directly say but he strongly hints it. But Browning cleverly wrote the

Not Satisfied with School Canteen Food

TASK 4: You are not most satisfied with the food provided at your school canteen and would like to convince your principal or the school management to change the vendors or the food sold at the canteen. Imagine that you have been granted an interview with the principal. Prepare a speech to express your opinions to the principal. SPEECH: Introduction: Good morning principal. Today, I would like to raise an issue on the food in our school’s canteen. I have been in this school for 6 years and the food was delicious, however, recently, I have noticed some flaws in our school’s food system.Prices Too High: Firstly, I would like to bring up the issue of the food being too expensive for many children to afford. When I accompany my mother to shopping trips outside, and have noted that the food outside are much cheaper than the food sold in Nan Hua although they were the same. As supermarkets like â€Å"Sheng Siong† are big companies and our school is only a small school, it is expected that the prices in the markets should be cheaper than that in our school. However, I find the prices in our school really very outrageous.For example, once when I was in a supermarket, I saw a particular snack that our school sold. The price was S$0. 80 for 5 packets, however in our school the price was S$0. 40 for each packet. Another example is the cheese sausage sold at the â€Å"Chinese Cuisine† store. The price was S$1. 00 for one sausage while outside, it was sold as 5 in a packet for S$2. 50. The prices are outrageous in our school! S$1. 00 is the Primary Ones and Twos‘ pocket money for a day and they could not possibly spent all their money on one sausage! Bad Attitude To Children:The second issue is our school vendors’ attitude. Being in Primary Six, I seldom encountered someone scolding me or trying to cheat me of my money. However, I do often see lower primary pupils, especially the Primary Ones and Twos, being have to bear the vendorâ €™s temper when he or she was feeling not particularly well. Once, I was queuing at the snack store when I saw a Primary One girl. She handed up 50 cents for something that costs 70 cents. Out of the corner of my eye, I saw the store owner reply that the snack costs 70 cents and pointed to a sign behind the snacks that labelled â€Å"S$0. 0†. â€Å"Read! † the vendor had said impatiently, eyes bulging. The girl took back her money and backed away fearfully. I think that the vendor should not behave like that. Most likely, the girl did not learn to recognize money yet and could not count the amount. The vendor should have patiently told her that what she handed was 50 cents and not 70 cents and help her find the money. Slow Serving: The third problem is one that pupils of all levels come across, that the vendors are too slow at serving. Once, my friends and I were dismissed late.We tried to grab a chicken chop from the second stall. I did not want to eat anything el se. We queued for 15 minutes before we were served, and were almost late for class. I noted that the vendors, especially the new store number 2, â€Å"Asian Favorites†, was very casual in their movements. The second store so-called â€Å"aunties† often stopped what they were doing to talk to each other, and their movements were as slow as you can get. Conclusion: Perhaps the school could install â€Å"Satisfactory Testers† at the side of each stall.These machines comprise of two buttons, one smiley face and one sad face. If the number of smiley faces for the stall each month is above 50% of the total number replies, the stall could remain. If the stall had less than 50% smiley faces for two consecutive months, the school could change the vendor. This way, we would have included the whole school’s judgement. It is important that we count in everyone’s judgement. Having a good canteen gives us a more conducive learning environment and helps pupils to concentrate on their studies better.

Long Term Financing Paper Final

Running head: Long-Term Financing Long-Term Financing University of Phoenix Online Introduction to Finance and Accounting MMPBL-503 James R. Sullivan November 3, 2008 Long-Term Financing An established company is considering expanding its operations, and to achieve their business objectives, the company will require additional long-term capital financing. Long-term financing involves debt or equity instruments with greater than one-year maturities, and the cost of this long-term capital can be calculated using either the Capital Asset Pricing (CAPM) or Discounted Cash Flows (DCFM) Model. The organization will have to compare and contrast the Capital Asset Pricing Model with the Discounted Cash Flows Model. The skill of comparing and contrasting financial options will help evaluate and organize the debt/equity mix and dividend policy. The organization must then decide what type of long-term finance alternatives will most likely benefit. Capital Asset Pricing Model and the Discounted Cash Flows Model Capital Asset Pricing Model is a linear relationship between returns on individual stocks and stock market returns over time (Block & Hirt, 2005). One use of CAPM is to analyze the performance of mutual funds and other portfolios (CAPM, 2008). Although, more than one formula exists for the CAPM, the most common is referred to as the market risk premium model presented below (Block & Hirt, 2005): r = Rf + beta (Km – Rf) Where: r is the expected return rate on a security Rf = the risk free rate of return (cash) B = beta coefficient, or historical volatility of common stock relative to market index Km = is the return rate of the appropriate asset class The market risk premium formula assumes that the rate of return or premium demanded by investors is directly proportional to the perceived risk associated with the common stock. Beta measures the volatility of the security relative to the asset class. The equation is saying that investors require higher levels of expected returns to compensate them for higher expected risk. This formula can be thought as predicting a security’s behavior as a function of beta: CAPM says that if a person knows a security’s beta then they know the value of (r) that investors expect it to have (see graph below) (CAPM, 2008). [pic] More volatile stocks will have a beta coefficient greater than 1. 0, whereas less volatile stocks will have a beta less than 1. 0. If the risk free rate of return (Rf) and average market return (Km) are considered fixed, then the required rate of return for company stock can be calculated for the required rate of return. As an example, if the market risk premium (Km – Rf) is 6% and a risk free rate of return (Rf) is 4%, then the required rate of return would equal 10% for B = 1 and 16% for B = 2. The Discounted Cash Flow Model (DCFM) is another standard way of determining the cost of equity. It assumes that a firm’s current stock price is equal to the present (discounted) value of all expected future dividends from the investment (Utility Regulation, 2008). Modern financial theory contends that the price of a firm’s stock is the present value of the future cash flows discounted at an appropriate interest rate (Freeman & Gagne, 1992). To calculate the current stock value, calculate the present value of future dividends and growth in the value of the stock at some future date. The discount rate used for this present value calculation is the weighted average cost of capital for the firm. Both the CAPM and DCF models involve applying data from a single or group of companies, to evaluate the current stock value of a single company. CAPM is more objective and complicated, and requires more calculation and data from the market. DCF is more subjective and simplified. One such DCF assumption is that future dividends will grow forever at a constant rate. Since this assumption is not always true, the DCF method gives a more qualitative estimate of the cost of capital. Limitations of CAPM includes, model uncertainty, it is difficult to know for sure if the use of the model is theoretically correct. Input uncertainty, is another limitation, it is difficult to estimate the appropriate risk premiums accurately (CAPM limitations, 2008). Limitations of the DCF model include miss growth options, options to expand and options to redirect (DCFM, 2008). Debt/Equity Mix Debt/equity mix is a financing strategy used by companies to help fund the business or other investments. Most companies use a combination of both in order to ensure stability and to keep long-term cost down. Debt is the borrowing of money from other lenders such as finance companies and banks. â€Å"Corporate debt has increased dramatically in the last three decades. † (Block & Hirt, pg. 468) Other forms of debt include issuing bonds and leasing. Debt has become a common item on balance sheet for many companies, including those just starting out. Debt financing allows companies to finance without having to sell stock or bring in more partners. The major benefit for debt financing, unlike with equity financing, the owner retains full ownership of their business. Bringing in more partners or stockholders in a company causes the loss of primary ownership and possibly the loss of the reason the company was created. Equity is another form of financing. Equity is also used by large and small companies. Equity is financed by other people. With equity financing the initial owner/borrower has a greater risk of losing their company to the partners that have become involved. On the other hand the borrower in an equity finance loan has flexibility on repayment terms and the form of repayment (ie. cash, stock, bonds or services). However, most major corporations have a mixture of debt and equity with making sure they do not have to much leverage in either one. The formula for figuring out what a company’s debt-equity ratio is: (Block & Hirt) Debt/Equity Ratio = Total Liabilities Shareholders’ Equity Dividend Policy A company’s dividend policy is up to the company and the profits that are made. If the company is just starting out they may not want to pay dividends to their stockholders. A beginning company may want to reinvest any earnings that are made in order to help the company expand. â€Å"In choosing either to pay a dividend to stockholders or to reinvest the funds in the company, management’s first consideration is whether the firm will be able to earn a higher return for the stockholders† (Block & Hirt, pg. 547). When deciding on a dividend policy the stockholders preference must be considered. The stockholder may or may not want to receive dividends and may only have concern with the value of their investment at relinquishment time. If expanding a business the dividends that are normally sent out will possibly be lower to help cover the cost of expanding. The expansion may also cause the dividends to increase. Some investors care about he future earnings and the increase that may occur because of the expansion and earnings increase. Characteristics and Costs of Debt and Equity Instruments The purchasers of equity instruments have the rights to vote on issues, gain ownership and future earnings of the business. Examples of equity instruments are common stock, preferred stock and retained earnings. Ask Dr Econ, 2008) Common stock is a form of equity instruments, advantages are the common stockholders will share in the company’s profitability, does not have to repay investment, dividends, and the votes can influence management. The disadvantages of common stock, the vote may dilute the management’s interest in the corporation’s growth, and the non-management stockholders can increase in the vot ing power, and the maximum risk falls on the investor. (Raymond, 2002) The cost of common equity is important as â€Å"the ultimate ownership of the firm resides in common stock† (Block & Hirt, 2005). The cost of issuing new common stock is expressed as: Kn = D1 / (Po – F) + g D1 = First year common dividend, Po = Price of common stock, F = Flotation selling costs, g = Constant growth rate in earnings (Block & Hirt, 2005) Preferred stock is another form of equity instruments, advantages are stocks offers stipulated dividend on an annual or semi-annual basis, preference rights over common stock and dividend payments and liquidating distributions. The dividends can accrue at a certain rate and paid on a cumulative basis. The disadvantage â€Å"includes a subordination of dividends to be paid on common stock and limitations on the use of corporate fund to the extent that pre-established dividend payments. † (Raymond, 2002) The cost of issuing new preferred stock is: Kp = Dp ( Pp – F) Where Dp = Preferred dividend, Pp = price of preferred stock, and F = Flotation selling costs. (Block & Hirt, 2005) Retained earnings are equivalent to â€Å"past and present earnings of the firm minus previously distributed dividends† (Block & Hirt, 2005). In order to convince shareholders that earnings will equal larger dividends and equity later, it is important to calculate the present value of projected future cash flow. The equation for cost of retained earnings is equivalent to the cost of existing common stock Ke = D1 / Po + g This can be used to reacquire outstanding treasury stock at market price. The cost of retained earnings does not include the flotation or sales cost associated with new issues of common or preferred stock. (Block & Hirt, 2005) Debt instruments are requires a fixed payment with interest, examples are bonds, government or corporation and mortgages. Ask Dr Econ, 2008) Bondholders do not gain ownership, paid before other expenses, less risky and not entitle to future profits in the business. (Raymond, 2002). Disadvantages include potential restrictions on operations, limitations on the use of working capital† (Raymond, 2002). Bond financing includes the zero-coupon rate bond and the floating rate bond. T he cost of debt is measured by the after-tax cost of debt and must be calculated as follows: Kd = Yield (1 – t) where Yield = yield to maturity and t = tax rate The yield to maturity of a bond is dependent on a number of variables: annual interest payment, principal payment, bond price and years to maturity. The yield to maturity for a bond can be calculated using a bond table, or using the equation below: Y' = annual interest payment + (principal payment – bond price) / years to maturity) (Block & Hirt, 2005) Evaluation of Long-Term Financing Alternatives Organizations have several opportunities for  alternative long-term financing to help the organization expand and grow, raise capital depleted by inflation and to supplement insufficient funds generated internally by the organization. Debts for organizations have risen over the past three decades. Organizations are faced with the task of continuing to raise capital to cover the organization’s debts. Organizations can use bonds, stocks, leasing and other options as options for long-term financing Bonds Most large organizations use corporate bonds for long-term financing. â€Å"The bond agreement specifies such basic items as the par value, the coupon rate, and the maturity date† (Block & Hirt, 2005). The initial value of a bond is the bond’s par value or face value. The interest rate on the bond is the coupon rate. The fluctuation of interest rates in the market affect the coupon rate of the bond after the bond has been issued. The ending date in which repayment of the principal of the bond is due is the maturity date. The bond agreement or indenture is the legal document that covers the bond from issuance to repayment. Organizations can put up a secured bond offering such as a mortgage agreement, where specific assets are promised to bondholders should they default on the bond or choose an unsecured, or debenture bond offering which doesn’t specify a specific asset. Stocks Common stock is on way an organization can secure long-term equity financing. Common stock is issued at a price per share to relatives, friends and investors. The funds are used by the organization to help the organization grow. The organization can issued to stockholders as dividends to show a payback on the capital investment. The remaining funds after the organization pays out dividends become retained earnings for the organization and are reinvested back into the organization. Individuals who have ownership in the organization can hold preferred stock. Preferred stock holders are repaid first should the organization file for bankruptcy. Leasing Organizations can lease assets instead of financing them. Leasing can give an organization that is short on funds or is not credit worthy enough to borrow funds a way to obtain assets. Leasing an asset is generally more expensive than purchasing the asset. By leasing assets, the organization reduces cash outflow so they can use those funds for other ventures. Organizations can lease assets such as furniture, equipment and land. The organization can choose a Capital Lease agreement where the organization purchases the asset at the end of the lease period. Organizations in a higher tax bracket can take advantage of a depreciation write-off tax advantage by purchasing an asset and leasing the asset to another organization in a lower tax bracket. Other Alternatives Organizations can use Factoring to borrow capital. The factor generally charges higher interest rates than banks. Factors generally review credit history, but the organization may still be able to borrow due to the quality of the organization’s collateral rather than their project projections. Conclusion Expanding a company can be a big step and many plans must be laid out and consider before the final decision can be made. Cost is the biggest factor that must be considered when expanding. The second factor to consider is who or how the cost is going to be covered. Most companies consider there finance options. Financing option that should be considered include taking on more debt, issuing bonds, and selling stock. With these options the interest rate, the selling price of the stock and how much of the company they would like to give up all must be considered when choosing an option. The better option would be to do a mix of all of the financing options to keep the balance sheet leveled, and the company in good financial standing. References Ask Dr Econ. (2008) † Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco:What are the differences between debt and equity markets? † Retrieved October 31, 2008 from http://www. frbsf. org/education/activities/drecon/answerxml. cfm? selectedurl=/2005/0510. html Block, S. B. , & Hirt, G. A. , (2005). Foundations of Financial Management (11th ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill. Capital Asset Pricing Model, (2008). Retrieved October 31, 2008, from http://www. moneychimp. com/glossary/capm/htm. Capital Asset Pricing Model